Method for detecting a moving radioactive source and associated device

ABSTRACT

A method for detecting a radioactive source moving on a linear path substantially parallel to an alignment of N detectors. The method includes: forming NxN t  pulse counting values M i,t  (i= 1, 2, . . . ,  N and t= 1, 2 , . . . , N t ) from NxN t  detection signals delivered by the N detectors in the form of a succession over time of N t  sets of N signals simultaneously detected by the N detectors over a same duration Δt, a pulse counting value representing a number of pulses detected by a detector over a duration Δt; and computing, using a computer: a set of N t  correlation products R t , a static mean  R  of the NxN t  counting values, a correlation condition for each correlation product R t .

TECHNICAL FIELD AND PRIOR ART

The invention relates to a method for detecting a moving radioactive source and the associated device.

The invention has applications in many fields and, particularly advantageously, in the safety field.

For safety reasons, it is often necessary to detect the possible passage of a radioactive source in the vicinity of a place where an industrial process is taking place or during the supervision of an infrastructure.

The detection sensitivity of a radioactive source depends on the radioactive environment level (background noise), the source intensity, and the passage time of this source in front of the detection system. It is known to adjust an alarm threshold with respect to the level of statistical fluctuations in the radioactive environment in order to trigger a signal which proves the presence of a radioactive source.

Systems for detecting moving sources comprise a plurality of measuring channels. Some of these systems perform the detection of mobile sources by thresholding each measuring channel and measuring, by gross summation, signals delivered by the different measuring channels at the time of detection. In order to reduce the false alarm rates, systems which work based on an independent detection of each measuring channel and on an a posteriori detection correlation (cf. “Distributed detection of a nuclear radioactive source using fusion correlation decisions” A. Sundaresan, P. K. Varshney, N. S. V Rao in Proceeding of the International Conference on Information Fusion, 2007). If this approach indeed enables a reduction of false alarm rates, it does not suppress the conventional thresholding step which limits the intrinsic detection capacities of detectors.

The invention does not have this drawback.

Disclosure of the Invention

Indeed, the invention relates to a method for detecting a radioactive source moving on a linear path substantially parallel to an alignment of N detectors, N being an integer equal to or greater than 2. The method comprises the following steps:

-   -   forming NxN_(t) pulse counting values M_(i,t) (i=1, 2, . . . , N         and t=1, 2, . . . , N_(t)) from NxN_(t) detection signals         delivered by the N detectors in the form of a succession over         time of N_(t) sets of N signals simultaneously detected by the N         detectors over a same duration Δt, a pulse counting value         representing a number of pulses detected by a detector over a         duration Δt, and     -   computing, using a computer:     -   →a set of N_(R) correlation products R_(z) so that:

R _(z)=Π_(i=1) ^(N) M _(i,[(N−i)z+1])(z=1, 2, . . . , N_(R))

-   -   with

${N_{R} = \frac{N_{t} - 1}{N - 1}},$

N_(t) being a very large integer ahead of N,

-   -   →a static mean R of the NxN_(t) counting values such that:

$\overset{\_}{R} = {\frac{1}{N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; {\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,t}}}}$

-   -   →a standard deviation σ( R) of the static mean R such that:

${\sigma \left( \overset{\_}{R} \right)} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; \left( {\overset{\_}{R} - M_{i,t}} \right)^{2}}}$

-   -   →a correlation condition for each correlation product R_(t) so         that:         -   if R_(z)≧ R+K₂σ( R), K₂ being a scalar, a radioactive source             is considered to have moved in front of the detectors, and         -   if R_(z)< R+K₂σ( R), no source is considered to have moved             in front of the detectors.

As mentioned above, the number N_(R) of correlation products is given by the equation:

${N_{R} = \frac{N_{t} - 1}{N - 1}},$

where N is the number of detectors and N_(t) the number of sets of N signals simultaneously detected by the N detectors over a same duration Δt. The numbers N_(R), N_(t), and N are all integers. It is consequently clear that, for a given number N of detectors, the number N_(t) is chosen so that N_(R) is also an integer. By way of non-limiting example, for a number N of detectors equal to 10, the number N_(t) can be equal to 10000, which induces a number N_(R) equal to 1111.

It also appears from the formula of the correlation product R_(z) that all the measurements performed over the duration At are not used to compute the product R_(z). It is an advantage of the invention not to use all the performed measurements, but only the measurements useful for forming the desired result.

According to an additional feature of the invention, as soon as a radioactive source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors, the speed V of the source is computed such that:

V=d/(T×Δt),

where d is the distance separating two neighbouring detectors and T is the rank t of a set of N pulse counting values for which the correlation product R_(t) is maximum.

According to another additional feature of the invention, as soon as a radioactive source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors, the intensity I of the source is computed so that:

$I = {{\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,{{{({N - i})}T} + 1}}}} - {\frac{1}{N \times N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; \left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,t}} \right\rbrack}}}$

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the pulse counting values are smoothed before the computing step implemented by the computer.

The invention also relates to a device for detecting a radioactive source moving over a substantially linear path, characterised in that it comprises means for implementing the method of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Other features and advantages of the invention will appear upon reading the following description, made in reference to the appended figures, among which:

FIG. 1 symbolically shows a radioactive source moving in front of a set of detectors of the device for detecting a moving radioactive source of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows the schematic diagram of an exemplary device for detecting a moving radioactive source of the invention;

FIG. 3 shows a processing method involved in the method for detecting a moving radioactive source of the invention;

FIG. 4A and 4B illustrate the method for detecting a radioactive source of the invention in the case of a low intensity and low speed radioactive source;

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the method for detecting a radioactive source of the invention in the case of a low intensity and high speed radioactive source;

FIG. 6 shows the false alarm rate as a function of the number of used detectors, for a device of the invention and for a prior art device;

FIG. 7 shows the non-detection rate of a radioactive source as a function of the number of used detectors, for a device of the invention and for a prior art device;

FIG. 8 shows the detection rate of a radioactive source as a function of the intensity of the signal emitted by the source, for a device of the invention and for a prior art device;

FIGS. 9A and 9B each show the measured intensity of two radioactive sources of different intensity, as a function of the number of detectors, for a device of the invention and for a prior art device.

DISCLOSURE OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 symbolically shows a radioactive source moving in front of a set of detectors.

The radioactive source S which is wanted to be detected moves in principle over a linear path TL (road/conveyor/etc.). The N detectors D₁, D₂, . . . , D_(i), . . . , D_(N) of the detection device are aligned parallel to the path TL. A distance d separates two neighbouring detectors and a distance D separates each detector D, (i=1, 2, . . . N) from the path TL.

FIG. 2 shows the schematic diagram of an exemplary detection device implementing the method for detecting a moving radioactive source of the invention.

The device comprises N detectors D_(i) (i=1, 2, . . . , N), N processing circuits T_(i), N pulse counting circuits K_(i), a memory block B made of N FIFO memories M_(i) (FIFO stands for “First In First Out”), and a computer C.

Each detector D_(i) (i=1, 2, . . . , N) which detects an incident radiation delivers a pulse signal. The pulse signal delivered by the detector D_(i) is then processed by a processing circuit T_(i), the latter comprising, for example, an amplifier A_(i) and a filtering circuit F. Each processing circuit T_(i) delivers an electronic pulse. The electronic pulses delivered by a processing circuit T_(i) are counted by a counting circuit Counting the electronic pulses is made by successive time slots of a duration Δt. The counting values which are delivered by the counter K_(i) are transmitted to the FIFO memory M_(i). A FIFO memory M_(i) consequently contains a succession of counting values M_(i,1), M_(i,2), . . . M_(i,t), etc., where t is the time position index of the counting values in the history of the FIFO memories.

According to the known principle which governs the FIFO memories, as soon as a FIFO memory is full, the oldest counting value which is stored in the memory is extracted to enable a new counting value to be stored. The counting values which are simultaneously extracted from different memories M_(i) are then transmitted to the computer C. In a particular embodiment of the invention (not shown in the figure), the counting values are smoothed by a smoothing circuit before being transmitted to the FIFO memory.

The computer C implements a method for processing counting values M_(i,t). FIG. 3 illustrates this processing method.

In a first step (step 1), the computer C computes N_(R) correlation products R_(z) (z=1, 2, . . . , N_(R)) such that:

R_(z)Π_(i=1) ^(N)M_([i,(N−i)z+1]+,)with

${N_{R} = \frac{N_{t} - 1}{N - 1}},$

N_(t) being a very large integer ahead of N.

The static mean R of the NxN_(t) counting values is then computed (step 2):

$\overset{\_}{R} = {\frac{1}{N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; {\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,t}}}}$

Next, the standard deviation σ( R) of the static mean R is then computed (step 3):

${\sigma \left( \overset{\_}{R} \right)} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; \left( {\overset{\_}{R} - M_{i,t}} \right)^{2}}}$

Once the standard deviation is computed, it is verified whether there is a significant correlation of the time series among the R_(t) values (step 4). It is thus verified whether the following inequation is performed or not:

R _(z) ≧ R+K ₂σ( R )

where the magnitude K₂ is a scalar chosen with respect to the false alarm rate desired for detection. The order of magnitude of K₂ is a few units.

If the above inequation is not performed, no source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors (step 5: no source).

If the above inequation is performed, a source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors and its speed V and/or its intensity I (number of hits per second) are computed (step 6).

Among the R_(t) values, there is an R_(t) value which is maximum. Letting T be the rank t for which the R_(t) value is maximum, we therefore have:

V=d/(T×Δt),

where d is the distance separating two neighbouring detectors, and

$I = {{\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,{{{({N - i})}T} + 1}}}} - {\frac{1}{N \times N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; \left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,t}} \right\rbrack}}}$

As soon as the steps 5 and 6 are carried out, a new computing cycle is started (back to step 1).

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the method for detecting a radioactive source of the invention in the case of a low intensity and low speed radioactive source.

The results illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B are obtained for a detection device made of five detectors. A low intensity radioactive source moves at a speed of 5 m/s in front of the detectors.

FIG. 4A shows the counting values M_(i,t) (i=1, 2, . . . , 5) associated with each of the five detectors involved in the detection device of the invention, as a function of time T. With reference to the previously defined magnitudes t, and Δt, we have:

τ=t×Δt

FIG. 4B represents the correlation product R computed as a function of a speed v representing the speed of the source. With reference to the previously defined magnitudes d, t and Δt, we have:

v=d/t×Δt

It can be noticed that the correlation product clearly shows a peak P at a speed substantially equal to 5 m/s.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the method for detecting a radioactive source of the invention in the case of a low intensity and high speed radioactive source.

FIGS. 5A and 5B respectively correspond to the preceding FIGS. 4A and 4B. The speed of the source moving in front of the detectors is here equal to 17 m/s. A correlation peak P at a speed substantially equal to 17 m/s can indeed be noticed.

FIG. 6 illustrates the false alarm rate T_(F) as a function of the number of detectors N, for a thresholding detection device according to the prior art (curve T₁) and for a correlation detection device according to the invention (curve T₂), all other things being equal. Very advantageously, it can be noticed that, beyond three detectors, the false alarm rate is very substantially lower with the detection device of the invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates the non-detection rate T_(ND) as a function of the number of detectors N, for a thresholding detection device according to the prior art (curve ND₁) and for a correlation detection device according to the invention (curve ND₂), all other things being equal. Also very advantageously, it can be noticed that the non-detection rate is very substantially lower with the detection device of the invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates the detection rate T_(D) as a function of the signal intensity I₀ (expressed as a counting rate or as a number of hits per second (cps)) between a thresholding detection device according to the prior art and a correlation detection device according to the invention. In each case, the detection device comprises six detectors. Curve D₁ represents the detection rate of the prior art device and curve D₂ represents the detection rate of the invention device. Particularly advantageously, it appears that the detection rate of the device of the invention is always very substantially greater than the one of the prior art device for a counting rate between 2 and 13cps, both detection rates being equal beyond the counting rate of 13cps.

FIG. 9A shows the measured intensity of a strong intensity radioactive source as a function of the number N of detectors, for a thresholding detection device according to the prior art and for a correlation detection device according to the invention. The intensity I₀ of the source is, for example, equal to 100 hits per second. It appears that the intensity I_(S) measured by the prior art device and the intensity _(C) measured by the invention device are identical and equal to I₀, whatever the number of detectors. The measurement inaccuracy which is represented by the intervals A, (i=1, 2, . . . , 6) in FIG. 9A is also identical for both detection devices.

FIG. 9B shows the measured intensity of a low intensity radioactive source as a function of the number N of detectors, for a thresholding detection device according to the prior art and for a correlation detection device according to the invention. The source intensity I₀ is for example equal to 12 hits per second. It appears that the intensity k measured by the invention device is very substantially equal to the emitted intensity I₀ whatever the number of detectors. On the contrary, the intensity I_(S) measured by the prior art device is very different from the emitted intensity I₀. Similarly, whereas the inaccuracy Δ_(i) of the measurements read by the invention device is relatively low, the inaccuracy δ_(i) of the measurements read by the prior art device is high. Furthermore, a bias b of the measurements read by the prior art device appears, which is not the case of the measurement read by the invention device. 

What is claimed is: 1-7. (canceled)
 8. A method for detecting a radioactive source moving on a linear path substantially parallel to an alignment of N detectors, N being an integer equal to or greater than 2, characterised in that it comprises the following steps: forming NxN_(t) pulse counting values M_(i,t) (i=1, 2, . . . , N and t=1, 2, . . . , N_(t)) from NxN_(t) detection signals delivered by the N detectors in the form of a succession over time of N_(t) sets of N signals simultaneously detected by the N detectors over a same duration Δt, N_(t) being a very large integer ahead of N, a pulse counting value representing a number of pulses detected by a detector over a duration Δt, and computing, using a computer: a set of N_(R) correlation products R_(z) so that: R _(z)=Π_(i=1) ^(N) _(i,[(N−i)z+1])(z=1, 2, . . . , N_(R)) with N_(R) being an integer equal to $\frac{N_{t} - 1}{N - 1},$ →a static mean R of the NxN_(t) counting values such that: $\overset{\_}{R} = {\frac{1}{N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; {\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,t}}}}$ →a standard deviation σ( R) of the static mean R, →a correlation condition for each correlation product R_(z) so that: if R_(z)≧ R+K₂σ( R), K₂ being a scalar, a radioactive source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors, and if R_(z)< R+K₂σ( R), no source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein, as soon as a radioactive source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors, a speed V of the radioactive source is computed by a computer so that: V=d/(T×Δt), where d is the distance separating two neighbouring detectors and T is the rank t of a set of N pulse counting values for which the correlation product R_(z) is maximum.
 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein, as soon as a radioactive source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors, an intensity I of the radioactive source is computed by a computer so that: $I = {{\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,{{{({N - i})}T} + 1}}}} - {\frac{1}{N \times N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; \left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,t}} \right\rbrack}}}$
 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the pulse counting values are smoothed before the computing step.
 12. A device for detecting a radioactive source moving over a substantially linear path, characterised in that it comprises: N detectors (D_(i), i=1, 2, . . . , N) substantially aligned parallel to the linear path of the radioactive source, N being an integer equal to or greater than 2, the N detectors simultaneously delivering N detection signals over a same duration Δt, N processing circuits (T_(i), i=1, 2, . . . , N) connected to the N detectors, each processing circuit being able to deliver an electronic signal corresponding to a detection signal delivered by a different detector, N counting circuits (K_(i), i=1, 2, . . . , N) connected to the N processing circuits, each counting circuit being able to count, during N_(t) successive counting durations Δt, N_(t) being a very large integer ahead of N, a number of electronic pulses delivered by a different processing circuit and to deliver, for each counting duration Δt, a pulse counting value (M_(i,t)) (t=1, 2, . . . , N_(t)) a memory block (B) able to store the NxN_(t) pulse counting values delivered by the N counting circuits during the Nt successive counting durations, and a computer which performs the following steps: →computing a set of N_(R) correlation products R_(z) so that: R _(z)=Π_(i=1) ^(N) M _(i,([N−i)z+1]() z=1,2, . . . , N_(R)) with N_(R) being an integer equal to $\frac{N_{t} - 1}{N - 1},$ →computing a static mean R of the NxN_(t) counting values such that: $\overset{\_}{R} = {\frac{1}{N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; {\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,t}}}}$ →computing a standard deviation σ( R) of the static mean R, →computing a correlation condition for each correlation product R_(z) so that: if R_(z)≧ R+K₂σ( R), K₂ being a scalar, a radioactive source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors, and if R_(z)< R+K₂σ( R), no source is considered to have moved in front of the detectors.
 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein: if R_(z)≧ R+K₂σ( R), the computer performs a step of computing the source speed V so that: V=d/(T×Δt), where d is the distance separating two neighbouring detectors and T is the rank t of a set of N pulse counting values for which the correlation product R_(z) is maximum.
 14. The device according to claim 12, wherein: if R_(z)≧ R+K₂σ( R), the computer performs a step of computing the source intensity I so that: $I = {{\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,{{{({N - i})}T} + 1}}}} - {\frac{1}{N \times N_{t}}{\sum\limits_{t = 1}^{N_{t}}\; \left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; M_{i,t}} \right\rbrack}}}$ 